General Chemistry Chapter I Essential Ideas Questions and Answers
General Chemistry
1.Identify each of the following statements as being most similar to a hypothesis,a law or a theory.Explain your reasoning.
(a)Falling barometric pressure precedes the onset of bad weather. -> LAW
(b) All life on earth has evolved from a common,primitive organism through the process of natural selection.->A THEORY
(c)My truck's gas milegga has dropped significantly,probably because it's due for a tune-up.
-> HYPOTHESIS
2.Classify each of the following as an element, a command, or a mixture:
(a)copper -> element Cu
(b)water -> compound H2O
(c)nitrogen->element N2
(d)sulfur->element SCl
(e)air->mixture 02,N2...
(f)sucrose-> compound c12h22o11
(g) a substance composed of molecules each of which contains two iodine atoms-> element
(h)gasoline->mixtures
3.Classify each of the following as an element, a compound or a mixture:
(a)iron->element Fe
(b)oxygen-> element O2
(c)mercury oxide-> compound
(d)pancake syrup ->mixtures
(e)carbon dioxide->compound CO2
(f)a substance composed of molecules each of which contains one hydrogen atom and one chlorine atom->compound HCl
(g)baking soda->compound CO3
(h)baking powder->mixtures
4.Yeast converts glucose to ethanol and carbon dioxide during anaerobic fermentation as depicted in the simple chemical equation below:
glucose--------->ethanol + carbon dioxide
(a) If 200.0 g of glucose is fully converted ,what will be the total mass of ethanol and carbon dioxide produced? ->->->200 g
(b)If the fermentation is carried out in an open container, would you expect the mass of the container and contents after fermentation to be less than,greater than, or the same as the mass of container and contents before fermentation? Explain. ->->->Less because carbon is down and oxygen is up.
(c)If 97.7 f of carbon dioxide is produced, what mass of ethanol is produced?
glucose(200 g)------->ethanol(97.7 g) + CO2
200-97.7=102.3 G
5.Classify the six underlined properties in the following paragraph as chemical or physical:
Fluorine is a pale yellow gas(physical properties) that reacts with most substances(chemical properties).The free element melts at-220'C(physical properties) and boils at-188'C(physical properties) .Finely divided metals burn in fluorine(chemical properties) with a bright flame.Nineteen grams of fluorine will react with 1.0 gram of hydrogen(chemical properties).
6.Classify each of the following changes as physical or chemical:
(a) condensation of steam ->physical
(b)burning of gasoline -> chemical
(c)souring of milk -> chemical
(d)dissolving of sugar in water -> physical
(e)melting of gold ->physical
7.Classify each of the following changes as physical or chemical:
(a)coal burning -> chemical
(b)ice melting -> physical
(c)mixing chocolate syrup with milk -> physical
(d)explosion of a firecracker -> physical
(e)magnetizing of a screwdriver -> physical
8.The Volume of a sample of oxygen gas changed from 10 ml to 11 ml as the temperature
changed.Is this a chemical or physical change.
-> Physical Change
9.Identify the following properties as either extensive or intensive.(extensive depends on mass)
(a)volume -> extensive
(b)temperature-> intensive
(c)humidity-> intensive
(d)heat->extensive
(e)boiling point-> intensive
10.Indicate the SI base units or derived units that are appropriate for the following measurements:
(a)the length of marathon race(26 miles 385 yards) - > meter
(b)the mass of an automobile -> kilogram
(c)the volume of a swimming pool -> m^3
(d)the speed of airplane -> meter/second
(e)the density of gold -> kilogram/m^3 = cm/m^3
(f)the area of a football field -> m^2
(g)the maximum temperature at the South Pole on April 1,1913 ->Kelvin K
11.A large of jewelry has a mass of 132.6 g.A graduated cylinder initially contains 48.6 ml water.When the jewelry is submerged in the graduated cylinder, the total volume increases to 61.2 ml.
(a)Determine the density of this piece of jewelry. -> Silver
(b) Assuming that the jewelry is made from only one substance, what substance is it likely to be?Explain.
d=m/v
v1= 48.6 ml
v2 =61.2 ml
matter volume = 12.6
d=132.6/12.6
d=10.5 g/cm^3
12.Express each of the following numbers in scientific notation with correct significant figures:
(a) 711.0 -> 7.11 x 10^2
(b) 0.239->2.39 x 10^-1
(c)90743->9.0743 x 10^4
(d)134.2-> 1.342 x 10^2
(e)0.05499->5.499 x 10^-2
(f)10000.0->1.10 x 10^4
(g)0.00000738592-> 7.38592 x 10^7
13.Express each of the following numbers in exponential notation with correct significant figures:
(a) 704 -> 2^6 x 11
(b)0.03344 -> (19 x 11 x 2^4)x 10^-5
(c)547.9 -> 5479(10^-1)
(d)22086 ->409 x2x(3^3)
(e)1000.00->10^3
(f)0.0000000651->7x31x3x(10^-10)
(g)0.007157->421x17(10^-6)
14.The distance between the centers of the two oxygen atoms in an oxygen molecule is 1.21 x 10^-8 cm. What is this distance in inches?
1 in = 2.54 cm
1.21 x 10^-8 cm x(1 in / 2.54 cm ) = 4.763.10^-9
15.A very good 197-lb weight lifter 192 kg in a move called the clean and jerk.What was the mass of the weight lifted pounds?
1 pound = 1 lb = 0.45359 kg
192 kg x (1 lb / 0.45359 kg) = 423 lb
16.Many Medical laboratory tests are run using 5.0 µl blood serum.What is this volume in milliliters?
1000µl=1 ml answer is 0.005 ml
17.If an aspirin tablet contains 325 mg aspirin,how many grams of aspirin does it contain?
18.Complete the following conversions between SI units
(a) 612 g = 61200 mg
(b) 8.160 m = 81600 cm
(c) 3779 =3.779 g
(d) 781 ml = 0.781 ml
(e) 4.18 kg = 4180 g
(f) 27.8 m =0.0278 km
(g) 0.13 ml = 0.0013 l
(h) 1738 km = 1738000 m
(i) 1.9 Gg = 1.9 x(10^9)
19.A long ton is defined as exactly 2240 ıb. What is this mass in kilograms?
1016.04691 kg
20.Calculate these masses.
(a).What is the mass of 4.00 cm^3 of sodium, density = 0.97 g/cm?
(b)What is the mass of 125 ml gaseous chlorine, density = 3.16 g/L?
0.97 = x/4.00 x = 3.88
3.16= y /0.0125 ml y = 0.0395
21.Calculate these volumes.
(a) What is the volume of 11.3 g graphite, density = 2.25 g/cm^3?
(b)What is the volume of 39.657 g bromine , density = 2.928 g /cm^3?
a.2.25 = 11.3 /x= 0.199
b. 2.928 = 39.657/ y = 0.0738
22.Convert the temperature of scalding water, 54'C,into degrees Fahrenheit and kelvin.
'F=9/5 x ('C) + 32 F =9/5 x (54) +32 = 129'F
K = 'C +273 = 327 K
23.Convert the temperature of dry ice, -77'C, into degrees Fahrenheit and kelvin.
'F = 9/5 x (-77) +32 = -106.6 'F
K = 'C + 273 = -350 K
24.The gas tank of a certain luxury automobile holds 22.3 gallons according to the owner's manual.If the density pf gasoline is 0.8206 g /ml , determine the mass in kilograms and pounds of the fuel in a full tank.
22.3 gallons = 84.4146828 liters 08206 = x/ 84.4146828 kg = 69.27 152 Ib
25.Osmium is one of the densest elements known.What is iys density if 2.72 g has a volume of 0.121 cm^3?
2.72/0.121 = 22.479 = 22.48
(d)sulfur->element SCl
(e)air->mixture 02,N2...
(f)sucrose-> compound c12h22o11
(g) a substance composed of molecules each of which contains two iodine atoms-> element
(h)gasoline->mixtures
3.Classify each of the following as an element, a compound or a mixture:
(a)iron->element Fe
(b)oxygen-> element O2
(c)mercury oxide-> compound
(d)pancake syrup ->mixtures
(e)carbon dioxide->compound CO2
(f)a substance composed of molecules each of which contains one hydrogen atom and one chlorine atom->compound HCl
(g)baking soda->compound CO3
(h)baking powder->mixtures
4.Yeast converts glucose to ethanol and carbon dioxide during anaerobic fermentation as depicted in the simple chemical equation below:
glucose--------->ethanol + carbon dioxide
(a) If 200.0 g of glucose is fully converted ,what will be the total mass of ethanol and carbon dioxide produced? ->->->200 g
(b)If the fermentation is carried out in an open container, would you expect the mass of the container and contents after fermentation to be less than,greater than, or the same as the mass of container and contents before fermentation? Explain. ->->->Less because carbon is down and oxygen is up.
(c)If 97.7 f of carbon dioxide is produced, what mass of ethanol is produced?
glucose(200 g)------->ethanol(97.7 g) + CO2
200-97.7=102.3 G
5.Classify the six underlined properties in the following paragraph as chemical or physical:
Fluorine is a pale yellow gas(physical properties) that reacts with most substances(chemical properties).The free element melts at-220'C(physical properties) and boils at-188'C(physical properties) .Finely divided metals burn in fluorine(chemical properties) with a bright flame.Nineteen grams of fluorine will react with 1.0 gram of hydrogen(chemical properties).
6.Classify each of the following changes as physical or chemical:
(a) condensation of steam ->physical
(b)burning of gasoline -> chemical
(c)souring of milk -> chemical
(d)dissolving of sugar in water -> physical
(e)melting of gold ->physical
7.Classify each of the following changes as physical or chemical:
(a)coal burning -> chemical
(b)ice melting -> physical
(c)mixing chocolate syrup with milk -> physical
(d)explosion of a firecracker -> physical
(e)magnetizing of a screwdriver -> physical
8.The Volume of a sample of oxygen gas changed from 10 ml to 11 ml as the temperature
changed.Is this a chemical or physical change.
-> Physical Change
9.Identify the following properties as either extensive or intensive.(extensive depends on mass)
(a)volume -> extensive
(b)temperature-> intensive
(c)humidity-> intensive
(d)heat->extensive
(e)boiling point-> intensive
10.Indicate the SI base units or derived units that are appropriate for the following measurements:
(a)the length of marathon race(26 miles 385 yards) - > meter
(b)the mass of an automobile -> kilogram
(c)the volume of a swimming pool -> m^3
(d)the speed of airplane -> meter/second
(e)the density of gold -> kilogram/m^3 = cm/m^3
(f)the area of a football field -> m^2
(g)the maximum temperature at the South Pole on April 1,1913 ->Kelvin K
11.A large of jewelry has a mass of 132.6 g.A graduated cylinder initially contains 48.6 ml water.When the jewelry is submerged in the graduated cylinder, the total volume increases to 61.2 ml.
(a)Determine the density of this piece of jewelry. -> Silver
(b) Assuming that the jewelry is made from only one substance, what substance is it likely to be?Explain.
d=m/v
v1= 48.6 ml
v2 =61.2 ml
matter volume = 12.6
d=132.6/12.6
d=10.5 g/cm^3
12.Express each of the following numbers in scientific notation with correct significant figures:
(a) 711.0 -> 7.11 x 10^2
(b) 0.239->2.39 x 10^-1
(c)90743->9.0743 x 10^4
(d)134.2-> 1.342 x 10^2
(e)0.05499->5.499 x 10^-2
(f)10000.0->1.10 x 10^4
(g)0.00000738592-> 7.38592 x 10^7
13.Express each of the following numbers in exponential notation with correct significant figures:
(a) 704 -> 2^6 x 11
(b)0.03344 -> (19 x 11 x 2^4)x 10^-5
(c)547.9 -> 5479(10^-1)
(d)22086 ->409 x2x(3^3)
(e)1000.00->10^3
(f)0.0000000651->7x31x3x(10^-10)
(g)0.007157->421x17(10^-6)
14.The distance between the centers of the two oxygen atoms in an oxygen molecule is 1.21 x 10^-8 cm. What is this distance in inches?
1 in = 2.54 cm
1.21 x 10^-8 cm x(1 in / 2.54 cm ) = 4.763.10^-9
15.A very good 197-lb weight lifter 192 kg in a move called the clean and jerk.What was the mass of the weight lifted pounds?
1 pound = 1 lb = 0.45359 kg
192 kg x (1 lb / 0.45359 kg) = 423 lb
16.Many Medical laboratory tests are run using 5.0 µl blood serum.What is this volume in milliliters?
1000µl=1 ml answer is 0.005 ml
17.If an aspirin tablet contains 325 mg aspirin,how many grams of aspirin does it contain?
18.Complete the following conversions between SI units
(a) 612 g = 61200 mg
(b) 8.160 m = 81600 cm
(c) 3779 =3.779 g
(d) 781 ml = 0.781 ml
(e) 4.18 kg = 4180 g
(f) 27.8 m =0.0278 km
(g) 0.13 ml = 0.0013 l
(h) 1738 km = 1738000 m
(i) 1.9 Gg = 1.9 x(10^9)
19.A long ton is defined as exactly 2240 ıb. What is this mass in kilograms?
1016.04691 kg
20.Calculate these masses.
(a).What is the mass of 4.00 cm^3 of sodium, density = 0.97 g/cm?
(b)What is the mass of 125 ml gaseous chlorine, density = 3.16 g/L?
0.97 = x/4.00 x = 3.88
3.16= y /0.0125 ml y = 0.0395
21.Calculate these volumes.
(a) What is the volume of 11.3 g graphite, density = 2.25 g/cm^3?
(b)What is the volume of 39.657 g bromine , density = 2.928 g /cm^3?
a.2.25 = 11.3 /x= 0.199
b. 2.928 = 39.657/ y = 0.0738
22.Convert the temperature of scalding water, 54'C,into degrees Fahrenheit and kelvin.
'F=9/5 x ('C) + 32 F =9/5 x (54) +32 = 129'F
K = 'C +273 = 327 K
23.Convert the temperature of dry ice, -77'C, into degrees Fahrenheit and kelvin.
'F = 9/5 x (-77) +32 = -106.6 'F
K = 'C + 273 = -350 K
24.The gas tank of a certain luxury automobile holds 22.3 gallons according to the owner's manual.If the density pf gasoline is 0.8206 g /ml , determine the mass in kilograms and pounds of the fuel in a full tank.
22.3 gallons = 84.4146828 liters 08206 = x/ 84.4146828 kg = 69.27 152 Ib
25.Osmium is one of the densest elements known.What is iys density if 2.72 g has a volume of 0.121 cm^3?
2.72/0.121 = 22.479 = 22.48
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